Non-halting Turing machine

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A non-halting Turing machine is a Turing machine that does not halt. These include halt-free Turing machines, meaning those without an undefined or halt transition, as well as non-halt-free Turing machines that never enter an undefined or halt transition.

The crux of the Busy Beaver problem, of finding BB(n, k) for a given n and k, is to prove that all non-halting Turing machines with n states and k symbols are, in fact, non-halting.

The zoology of non-halting Turing machines is extremely rich. See Translated cycler, Bouncer, Bell, Counter, Fractal, Shift overflow counter, Shift overflow bouncer counter for a sample. In this page, we provide a detailed zoology for some low numbers of states and symbols.

Zoology

Machines are enumerated in TNF-1RB, and we exclude halting machines. In particular, a transition is defined if and only if it is reachable; unreachable transitions are undefined. This avoids duplicates.

For convenience, Turing machines are displayed here in standard text format.

2 × 2

There are 106 TNF-1RB machines with 2 states and 2 symbols, with the following breakdown:

Classification Count Notable examples
Translated cycler 88
  • 1RB0RB_1LB1RA (bbch), unique TM with a record period of 9.
  • 1RB0LB_1LA0RB (bbch), unique TM with a record preperiod of 9.
Cycler 14
  • 1RB0RB_1LB1LA (bbch), one of the 7 TMs with a record period of 4.
  • 1RB1LB_1LA1RA (bbch), unique TM with a record preperiod of 5.
Bouncer 3
  • 1RB1LA_0LA1RB (bbch)
  • 1RB1LA_1LA1RB (bbch)
  • 1RB0LB_1LA0RA (bbch)
Counter 1
  • 1RB1LA_0LA0RB (bbch), a binary counter.

3 × 2

There are 15,064 TNF-1RB machines with 3 states and 2 symbols, with the following breakdown:

Classification Count Notable examples
Translated cycler 12,427
  • 1RB0LA_0RC1LA_1LC0RB (bbch), unique TM with a record period of 92.
  • 1RB1LB_0RC0LA_1LC0LA (bbch), unique TM with a record preperiod of 101.
Cycler 1,969
  • 1RB0LB_1LB1LC_0RC1RA (bbch), unique TM with a record period of 18.
  • 1RB1RC_1LC0LB_1RA1LA (bbch), unique TM with a record preperiod of 22.
Bouncer 558
  • 1RB0LC_1RC0RB_1LA1LC (bbch), a bouncer with two distinct shift rules.
Counter 95
  • 1RB1LA_0LA0RC_0LA1RB (bbch), a Fibonacci counter.
  • 1RB1LA_0LA1RC_0LA0RB (bbch), a two-phase binary counter.
  • 1RB1LA_0LA1RC_1LB0RB (bbch), a translating binary counter.
Cubic bell 10
  • 1RB1LA_0LA0RC_0LA1RC (bbch), a typical cubic bell.
Bell 5
  • 1RB0LC_1RC1RA_1LA0RB (bbch), a typical bell.
  • 1RB1LA_0RC0RC_1LC0LA (bbch), a typical inverted bell.

4 × 2

There are 2,744,516 TNF-1RB machines with 4 states and 2 symbols, with the following breakdown. This breakdown is not exact due to the presence of chaotic Turing machines which defy straightforward analysis and may eventually transition into a translated cycler or, more rarely, a bouncer, after a very large number of steps.

Regular (non-chaotic)

Classification Count Notes and Notable examples Example space-time diagram
Translated cycler ≥2,253,849
  • 1RB0LA_0RC1RD_1LD0RB_1LA1RB (bbch), the current period record holder, with a period of 212,081,736. Before phasing into a translated cycle, this machine appears to be a spaghetti (described in a later subsubsection).
  • 1RB1LC_0LA1RD_0RB0LC_1LA0RD (bbch), the current preperiod record holder, with a preperiod of 119,120,230,102. Before phasing into a translated cycle, this machine appears to be a spaghetti.
  • 1RB1RC_1LC0RA_0LB0LD_1LA1LD (bbch) starts out as an irregular bell, but phase transitions into a translated cycler with period 4,222 at step 29,754,825.
  • 1RB0RC_1LB1LD_0RA0LD_1LA1RC (bbch)
Cycler ≥ 341,617
  • 1RB0RB_1LC0RD_1LA1LB_0LC1RD (bbch), likely period record holder, with a period of 120.
  • 1RB1LB_1LC1RD_1LA0RD_0LA0RB (bbch), likely preperiod record holder, with a preperiod of 146.
Bouncer ≈ 132,000
  • 1RB1LA_1LC0RC_0RA1LD_1RC0LD (bbch), the current record holder for longest time to settle into a bouncer, with a start step of 83,158,409.
  • 1RB0RC_0RC0RB_1LC0LD_1LA0RA (bbch), starts out as irregular-side bells before phasing into a bouncer at step 3350.
  • 1RB1LC_0RD0LC_1LB0LA_1LD1RA (bbch), a bouncer with very complex runs. Start step 145,729.
Counter ≈ 14,700
  • 1RB1LC_0LC1RD_1LA1LB_0LC0RD (bbch), a ternary counter.
  • 1RB1LC_0LA1RB_1LD0RB_1LA1RA (bbch), a quaternary counter.
  • 1RB0LB_1RC0LD_1LB1RA_0RB1LD (bbch), a quinary counter.
  • 1RB1LC_0LD1RB_1LD0RD_1LA0RB (bbch), a senary counter.
  • 1RB1LC_0LD0RB_1RD1LA_1RA0LC (bbch), a 3/2-counter.
  • 1RB0RA_1LC1RA_1LD0LC_1LA1LD (bbch), a binary bi-counter.
  • 1RB1LC_1RC1RB_1RD0LC_1LA0RD (bbch), a binary-ternary bi-counter.
  • 1RB1LA_0LA0RC_0LA0RD_0LA1RC (bbch), a counter encoding a recurrence with characteristic polynomial .
  • 1RB1LA_0LA0RC_0LA1RD_0LA0RB (bbch), a counter encoding a recurrence with characteristic polynomial .
  • 1RB1LC_1LD1RA_0RA0LC_0RB0LD (bbch), a counter encoding a recurrence that grows like .
  • 1RB0RC_0LC0RA_1LA0LD_1RA1LD (bbch), a tri-phasic binary counter.
  • 1RB1LC_0RD0RB_1LA0LA_1LD0LA (bbch), an example of a superexponential counter.
Bell ≈ 2,350
  • 1RB1LA_0RC0LD_1LC0LA_1RC0RD (bbch), a typical inverted bell.
  • 1RB1LB_1LC0RA_1RD0LB_1LA1RC (bbch), alternates between bell and half-bell.
  • 1RB0LC_1RC1RB_1LA1LD_0RA0RB (bbch), a grow-and-shrink bell.
  • 1RB0RC_1LC0RA_1RA1LD_0LC0LA (bbch), starts out as an irregular bell before phasing into a bell.
Cubic bell ≈ 1,376
  • 1RB1RC_1LC0RC_0RA1LD_0LC0LB (bbch), a cubic inverted bell.
  • 1RB0RC_0LD0RA_0LA1RC_1LA1LD (bbch), a cubic grow-and-shrink bell.
Bouncer + X ≈ 365
  • 1RB1LA_1RC0RB_0LC1LD_0LD1RA (bbch), a bouncer + binary counter.
  • 1RB0LA_0RC1LA_1RD0RA_0LB1RB (bbch), a bouncer + bell.
  • 1RB1LC_0RC1RD_1LA0LA_1RC0RB (bbch), a bouncer + cellular automaton. This could be universal.
  • 1RB1LC_0RC1RD_1LA0LA_0LA0RB (bbch), a bouncer + cellular automaton with a fractal nature.
  • 1RB1LB_0LC0RD_0RA1LC_1RA1RD (bbch), a bouncer + cubic bell, leading to quartic tape growth on the left.
  • 1RB0LC_1LA1RD_1RA1LD_0LA0RB (bbch), a bouncer + unclassified. (If you can classify it, let me know in the talk page!)
 Bouncer + counter

Bouncer + cellular automaton

Bounce-counter ≈ 330
  • 1RB1LC_1LC0RB_1RA0LD_1RA1LA (bbch), a typical binary bounce-counter.
  • 1RB1LB_1RC1RD_0LA0RC_1LD0LB (bbch), a typical quaternary bounce-counter.
  • 1RB1RA_0RC0LC_1LA0LD_0RA1LC (bbch), a ternary bounce-counter, which is more rare.
  • 1RB0LA_0RC1LA_0RD1RB_1LD1LA (bbch), a hybrid quaternary-octal bounce-counter.
  • 1RB0LC_1RD0RB_1LA1RC_1LC1RB (bbch), a 3/2-bounce-counter.
  • 1RB0LC_1LC0RD_1RA1LA_0RA0LA (bbch), a binary bounce-counter with stationary counter digits.
Fractal 20
  • 1RB1RC_0RC0RB_0LD1LA_1LD0LA (bbch), a typical example.
Tetration counter 19
  • 1RB1LC_0RD0RD_0RC0LA_1LD1RA (bbch), a typical example.
Cubic bounce-counter 13
  • 1RB1RA_0LC0RB_0RA0LD_1LC1RD (bbch), a typical example. Note that these share many of the same properties as dekaheptoids.

Chaotic

Classification Count Notes and Notable examples Example space-time diagram
Irregular bell 39
  • 1RB0RC_1LC1RA_1RA1LD_0LC0LA (bbch), a typical irregular bell.
  • 1RB1LA_0RC0RD_1LD1RC_1LD0LA (bbch), a typical irregular inverted bell.
Spaghetti 26 This is an informal description for spaghetti-code Turing machines that seem to have no predictable behavior, instead winding back and forth like a spaghetti. Any of these machines could potentially end up proven as one of the regular classifications. Indeed, many translated cyclers start their life out as spaghetti.
  • 1RB0RB_1LC1RC_0RA1LD_1RC0LD (bbch), a typical spaghetti.
  • 1RB0RA_1RC0RD_1LD1LC_1RA0LC (bbch), a spaghetti that seems to converge to a bounce-counter.
  • 1RB1LC_0LA0RD_1LA0LB_1LA1RD (bbch), a spaghetti whose envelope seems to converge to that of a bouncer.
  • 1RB0RC_1LC1LD_1RD1LB_1RA0LB (bbch), a cellular-automaton-like bouncer. The spaghetti nature of this machine is local.
  • 1RB1LC_1LA1RD_1RA0LC_1LB0RD (bbch), a "spaghetti sandwich" -- a spaghetti sandwiched on the left and right by a growing predictable repeating pattern.
Chaotic counter 10

Chaotic counters have slow-growing tapes like counters, but the behavior seems to be chaotic and is as of yet unknown:

  • 1RB0RC_0LD1RC_1LD0RB_0LA1LA (bbch)
  • 1RB1RA_0LC0LD_1LD0RB_0RA1LC (bbch)
  • 1RB0RC_1LA1RC_0LD0RB_0LA1LD (bbch)
  • 1RB0RB_1LC1RA_1LD0LC_0RA0LD (bbch)
  • 1RB1LA_0RC1RC_0LD0RB_0LA1LD (bbch)
  • 1RB1LC_0LC0RD_0LA1LA_0RB1RD (bbch)
  • 1RB0RB_0LC1RA_1LD1LC_0RA0LD (bbch)
  • 1RB1LC_1LD0RB_1RA0LC_0RA0LD (bbch)
  • 1RB1LC_0LA0RB_1RD0LC_1LA0RD (bbch)
  • 1RB1LC_1RD0RB_1LA0LC_0LA0RD (bbch)

Records

Translated cycler preperiod

  • 3 × 2: 101 (proven): 1RB1LB_0RC0LA_1LC0LA (bbch) (period = 24)
  • 4 × 2: 119,120,230,102 (current champion): 1RB1LC_0LA1RD_0RB0LC_1LA0RD (bbch) (period = 966,716)
  • 2 × 4: 293,225,660,896 (current champion): 1RB2LA0RA3LA_1LA1LB3RB1RA (bbch) (period = 483,328)

Translated cycler period

  • 3 × 2: 92 (proven): 1RB0LA_0RC1LA_1LC0RB (bbch) (preperiod = 0)
  • 4 × 2: 212,081,736 (current champion): 1RB0LA_0RC1RD_1LD0RB_1LA1RB (bbch) (preperiod = 5,248,647,886)
  • 2 × 4: 33,209,131 (current champion): 1RB0RA3LB1RB_2LA0LB1RA2RB (bbch) (preperiod = 63,141,841)
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