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Hi! My name is Nathan.
Hi! My name is Nathan.


I created **Thutus**, a diagonalization of the SKI calculus, and its associated function \(T(n)\).
And i made Thutus function
 
This page describes the system, its rewrite rules, and the lower bounds currently known for \(T(n)\).
 
 
THUTUS — Function T(n)


== Thutus calculus ==
Thutus is a combinatorial rewriting system whose syntax and expression application follow the SKI calculus.
Thutus is a combinatorial rewriting system whose syntax and expression application follow the SKI calculus.


1. Alphabet
# Alphabet


For each integer n ≥ 1, the available alphabet is:
For each integer n ≥ 1, the available alphabet is: L₁, L₂, ..., Lₙ.
L₁, L₂, ..., Lₙ.


2. Initial expression
2. Initial expression


The initial expression contains exactly n occurrences of symbols.
The initial expression contains exactly n occurrences of symbols. Parentheses do not count toward the size.
Parentheses do not count toward the size.


3. Arity
3. Arity


Each symbol Lₖ has between 1 and k−1 arguments, with the exception of L₁, which always follows the rule:
Each symbol Lₖ has between 1 and k−1 arguments, with the exception of L₁, which always follows the rule: L₁ x1 → x1. The arguments x1, x2, x3, etc., may be arbitrarily complex expressions.
L₁x → x.
 
The arguments x, y, z, etc., may be arbitrarily complex expressions.


4. Rewriting rules
4. Rewriting rules


The rules for each symbol are chosen prior to execution and remain fixed throughout the execution.
The rules for each symbol are chosen prior to execution and remain fixed throughout the execution. For each symbol Lₖ, the right-hand side of its rule contains between 1 and k occurrences of arguments, excluding parentheses. Arguments may be reused, rearranged, nested, or deleted. Examples: L₄ x1 x2 → x1 (x2 (x1 x1)) L₄ x1 x2 x3 → x3 (x1 x2)
 
For each symbol Lₖ, the right-hand side of its rule contains between 1 and k occurrences of arguments, excluding parentheses.
 
Arguments may be reused, rearranged, nested, or deleted.
 
Examples:
L₄xy → x(y(xx))
L₄xyz → z(xy)


5. Reduction and termination
5. Reduction and termination


At each step, a rule may be applied to any reducible occurrence, as in the SKI calculus.
At each step, a rule may be applied to any reducible occurrence, as in the SKI calculus. An expression terminates when it reaches a normal form—that is, when no further rules can be applied. Expressions that diverge do not contribute to the maximum.
 
An expression terminates when it reaches a normal form—that is, when no further rules can be applied. Expressions that diverge do not contribute to the maximum.


6. Definition of T(n)
6. Definition of T(n)


T(n) is the maximum number of symbols in the final normal form, taken over all initial expressions of size exactly n and all admissible Thutus rule systems.
T(n) (also written as Ξ₀<sub>T</sub>) the maximum number of symbols in the final normal form, taken over all initial expressions of size exactly n and all admissible Thutus rule systems. The available alphabet is L₁, ..., Lₙ. The rules are chosen at the outset, must satisfy the aforementioned constraints, and remain fixed throughout the execution.
 
The available alphabet is L₁, ..., Lₙ. The rules are chosen at the outset, must satisfy the aforementioned constraints, and remain fixed throughout the execution.
 
 
 
 
And actually few value for T(n):
 
T(0) = 0
 
T(1) = 1
 
T(2) = 1
 
T(3) = 4
 
T(4) ≥ 522
 
T(5) ≥ 1814
 
 
 
T(6) or higher can encode BCKW system so:
 
T(6) ≥ 2^256*6-1
 
T(7) ≥ 2^^^17
 
T(8) ≥ 2^^^2^^^17
 
T(9) ≥ 2^^^^^2^^^^2^^^17
 
T(10) ≥ f_ω+1(2^^6/2-1)
 
T(15) ≥ f_ω^(2^^18-1)(2)
 
 
 
And for T(1) to T(5) result:
 
T(1) = 1
 
A
 
 
T(2) = 1
 
AB
 
B
 
T(3) = 4
 
Initial: (L2 (L3 L3))
 
Rules:
  L1 (1 args) -> x1
  L2 (1 args) -> (x1 x1)
  L3 (2 args) -> (x1 (x1 x2))
L3 (L3 (L3 L3))
 
 
 
T(4) ≥ 522
 
Initial: (L3 (L3 (L4 L4)))
 
Rules:
  L1 (1 args) -> x1
  L2 (1 args) -> (x1 x1)
  L3 (1 args) -> ((x1 x1) x1)
  L4 (3 args) -> ((x1 x2) (x2 x3))
Normal form: ((L4 ((L4 L4) ((L4 (L4 L4)) ((L4 L4) ((L4 (L4 L4)) ((L4 L4) ((L4 (L4 L4)) ((L4 L4) (L4 L4))))))))) ((L4 ((L4 (L4 L4)) ((L4 L4) ((L4 (L4 L4)) ((L4 L4) ((L4 (L4 L4)) ((L4 L4) (L4 L4)))))))) ((L4 ((L4 L4) ((L4 (L4 L4)) ((L4 L4) ((L4 (L4 L4)) ((L4 L4) (L4 L4))))))) ((L4 ((L4 (L4 L4)) ((L4 L4) ((L4 (L4 L4)) ((L4 L4) (L4 L4)))))) ((L4 ((L4 L4) ((L4 (L4 L4)) ((L4 L4) (L4 L4))))) ((L4 ((L4 (L4 L4)) ((L4 L4) (L4 L4)))) ((L4 ((L4 L4) (L4 L4))) ((L4 (L4 L4)) ((L4 L4) ((L4 (L4 L4)) ((L4 L4) ((L4 ((L4 (L4 L4)) ((L4 L4) (L4 L4)))) ((L4 ((L4 L4) (L4 L4))) ((L4 (L4 L4)) ((L4 L4) ((L4 (L4 L4)) ((L4 L4) ((L4 ((L4 (L4 L4)) ((L4 L4) ((L4 (L4 L4)) ((L4 L4) (L4 L4)))))) ((L4 ((L4 L4) ((L4 (L4 L4)) ((L4 L4) (L4 L4))))) ((L4 ((L4 (L4 L4)) ((L4 L4) (L4 L4)))) ((L4 ((L4 L4) (L4 L4))) ((L4 (L4 L4)) ((L4 L4) ((L4 (L4 L4)) ((L4 L4) ((L4 ((L4 (L4 L4)) ((L4 L4) (L4 L4)))) ((L4 ((L4 L4) (L4 L4))) ((L4 (L4 L4)) ((L4 L4) ((L4 (L4 L4)) ((L4 L4) ((L4 ((L4 (L4 L4)) ((L4 L4) ((L4 (L4 L4)) ((L4 L4) ((L4 (L4 L4)) ((L4 L4) (L ... [truncated]
 
 
T(5) ≥ 1814
 
Initial: (L3 ((L3 L4) (L4 L5)))
 
Rules:
  L1 (1 args) -> x1
  L2 (1 args) -> x1
  L3 (1 args) -> (x1 (x1 x1))
  L4 (2 args) -> (x1 (x2 (x1 x2)))
  L5 (4 args) -> x4
Normal form: (((L5 ((L5 (L5 (((L5 (L4 (L4 L5))) (L5 ((L5 (L4 (L4 L5))) (L5 (L5 (L4 (L4 L5))))))) (L5 ((L5 (L4 (L4 L5))) (L5 ((L5 (L4 (L4 L5))) (L5 (L5 (L4 (L4 L5))))))))))) ((L5 (L4 (L5 (L5 (((L5 (L4 (L4 L5))) (L5 ((L5 (L4 (L4 L5))) (L5 (L5 (L4 (L4 L5))))))) (L5 ((L5 (L4 (L4 L5))) (L5 ((L5 (L4 (L4 L5))) (L5 (L5 (L4 (L4 L5))))))))))))) ((L5 (L5 (((L5 (L4 (L4 L5))) (L5 ((L5 (L4 (L4 L5))) (L5 (L5 (L4 (L4 L5))))))) (L5 ((L5 (L4 (L4 L5))) (L5 ((L5 (L4 (L4 L5))) (L5 (L5 (L4 (L4 L5))))))))))) (L5 (L4 (L5 (L5 (((L5 (L4 (L4 L5))) (L5 ((L5 (L4 (L4 L5))) (L5 (L5 (L4 (L4 L5))))))) (L5 ((L5 (L4 (L4 L5))) (L5 ((L5 (L4 (L4 L5))) (L5 (L5 (L4 (L4 L5))))))))))))))))) (L4 (L5 ((L5 (L5 (((L5 (L4 (L4 L5))) (L5 ((L5 (L4 (L4 L5))) (L5 (L5 (L4 (L4 L5))))))) (L5 ((L5 (L4 (L4 L5))) (L5 ((L5 (L4 (L4 L5))) (L5 (L5 (L4 (L4 L5))))))))))) ((L5 (L4 (L5 (L5 (((L5 (L4 (L4 L5))) (L5 ((L5 (L4 (L4 L5))) (L5 (L5 (L4 (L4 L5))))))) (L5 ((L5 (L4 (L4 L5))) (L5 ((L5 (L4 (L4 L5))) (L5 (L5 (L4 (L4 L5))))))))))))) ((L5 (L5 (((L5 (L4 (L4 L5)))  ... [truncated]


This bound for T(4) and T(5) is from a python program but T(4) and T(5) is probably higher than this bound and this bound is verified by SKI Interpreter (https://dallaylaen.github.io/ski-interpreter/)
=== Champions for T(n) / Ξ₀<sub>T</sub> ===
{| class="wikitable"
!n
!Value
!Champion Initiate Term
!Champion Rule
|-
|0
|= 0
|
|
|-
|1
|= 1
|L1
|L1 x1 -> x1
|-
|2
|= 1
|L1L2
|L1 x1 -> x1
L2 x1 -> x1 x1
|-
|3
|= 4
|L2(L3L3)
|L1 x1 -> x1
L2 x1 -> x1 x1 L3 x1 x2 -> x1 (x1 x2)
|-
|4
|≥ 522
|L3(L3(L4L4))
|L1 x1 -> x1
L2 x1 -> x1 x1 L3 x1 -> (x1 x1) x1 L4 x1 x2 x3 -> x1 x2 (x2 x3)
|-
|5
|≥ f<sub>ω+1</sub>(2^^6/2)
|L1(L2(L4(L5L3))
|L1 x1 -> x1
L2 x1 -> x1 x1 L3 x1 x2 -> x1 (x1 x2) L4 x1 x2 -> x2 (x2 x1) L5 x1 x2 x3 -> x3 x2 x1
|-
|...
|
|
|
|-
|15
|> f<sub>ω<sup>2^^18-1</sup></sub>(2)
|L4L4(L5(L4L6)(L6(L6L5(L5L5(L4L6)))(L5(L6L5))))
|L1 x1 -> x1
L2 x1 -> x1 L3 x1 x2 -> x1 L4 x1 x2 -> x1 x2 x2 L5 x1 x2 x3 -> x1 x3 x2 L6 x1 x2 x3 -> x1 (x2 x3) L7 x1 -> x1 L8 x1 -> x1 L9 x1 -> x1 L10 x1 -> x1 L11 x1 -> x1 L12 x1 -> x1 L13 x1 -> x1 L14 x1 -> x1 L15 x1 -> x1
|}

Revision as of 12:36, 1 November 2026

Hi! My name is Nathan.

And i made Thutus function

Thutus calculus

Thutus is a combinatorial rewriting system whose syntax and expression application follow the SKI calculus.

  1. Alphabet

For each integer n ≥ 1, the available alphabet is: L₁, L₂, ..., Lₙ.

2. Initial expression

The initial expression contains exactly n occurrences of symbols. Parentheses do not count toward the size.

3. Arity

Each symbol Lₖ has between 1 and k−1 arguments, with the exception of L₁, which always follows the rule: L₁ x1 → x1. The arguments x1, x2, x3, etc., may be arbitrarily complex expressions.

4. Rewriting rules

The rules for each symbol are chosen prior to execution and remain fixed throughout the execution. For each symbol Lₖ, the right-hand side of its rule contains between 1 and k occurrences of arguments, excluding parentheses. Arguments may be reused, rearranged, nested, or deleted. Examples: L₄ x1 x2 → x1 (x2 (x1 x1)) L₄ x1 x2 x3 → x3 (x1 x2)

5. Reduction and termination

At each step, a rule may be applied to any reducible occurrence, as in the SKI calculus. An expression terminates when it reaches a normal form—that is, when no further rules can be applied. Expressions that diverge do not contribute to the maximum.

6. Definition of T(n)

T(n) (also written as Ξ₀T) the maximum number of symbols in the final normal form, taken over all initial expressions of size exactly n and all admissible Thutus rule systems. The available alphabet is L₁, ..., Lₙ. The rules are chosen at the outset, must satisfy the aforementioned constraints, and remain fixed throughout the execution.

Champions for T(n) / Ξ₀T

n Value Champion Initiate Term Champion Rule
0 = 0
1 = 1 L1 L1 x1 -> x1
2 = 1 L1L2 L1 x1 -> x1

L2 x1 -> x1 x1

3 = 4 L2(L3L3) L1 x1 -> x1

L2 x1 -> x1 x1 L3 x1 x2 -> x1 (x1 x2)

4 ≥ 522 L3(L3(L4L4)) L1 x1 -> x1

L2 x1 -> x1 x1 L3 x1 -> (x1 x1) x1 L4 x1 x2 x3 -> x1 x2 (x2 x3)

5 ≥ fω+1(2^^6/2) L1(L2(L4(L5L3)) L1 x1 -> x1

L2 x1 -> x1 x1 L3 x1 x2 -> x1 (x1 x2) L4 x1 x2 -> x2 (x2 x1) L5 x1 x2 x3 -> x3 x2 x1

...
15 > fω2^^18-1(2) L4L4(L5(L4L6)(L6(L6L5(L5L5(L4L6)))(L5(L6L5)))) L1 x1 -> x1

L2 x1 -> x1 L3 x1 x2 -> x1 L4 x1 x2 -> x1 x2 x2 L5 x1 x2 x3 -> x1 x3 x2 L6 x1 x2 x3 -> x1 (x2 x3) L7 x1 -> x1 L8 x1 -> x1 L9 x1 -> x1 L10 x1 -> x1 L11 x1 -> x1 L12 x1 -> x1 L13 x1 -> x1 L14 x1 -> x1 L15 x1 -> x1